Apuntes De Filosofia Martinez
TASK 1: Victor Requena Requena1.- Text:(1) This spring, I received a long distance telephone call from Dean Samuel Miller. (2)A S P OdHe was in Denmark. (3)Three days later, Dean Miller was dead. (4) When I heard theS P AC A S P Cs AClsad news, I began to think about the way he had influenced me, especially during myS P Od ACltheological training here at Harvard Divinity School.(5) One of my most vivid memories was a point which he emphasized in his class onS P CsReligion and Literature. (6) Sam Miller felt strongly that in our modern 20th century twoS P A Odof the most profound and important experiences of human life are becoming more andmore insulated from everyday existence.
(7) This two experiences, birth and death, haveS Pthe potential for affecting the character and quality of the rest of life.OdFrom Psychedelic Review, Mystical Experience in the Human Encounter With Death.i. Analyzing the sentences in the text we can discover some of the propertiesof its syntactic constituents such as optionality, position We willenumerate clause constituents from the most central to the most peripheral. Predicator:. As we see they are obligatory in all cases. Any of them can beremoved, if we deleted any of them, the sentence would beungrammatical. It would have no sense.
For example: sentence (2)would have no sense if we don’t use the verb:.He in Denmark. They determine the type of clause, since each of them requiredifferent complementation (Od, Oi, Cs, Co, A). For example: insentence (1), the verb “receive” is transitive, so it needs the presenceof an object “a telephone call”. These clauses would be incomplete ifone of these obligatory complements is omitted:.This spring, Ireceived. They are always realized by Verb Phrases.
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They determine the finite / non-finite character of the clause.Consequently, finite verbs in the text such as received (1), was (2,3,5), heard (4), began (4), emphasized (5), felt (6), are becoming (6),have (7) make these main clauses, whereas non-finite verbs such asto think (4) or affecting (7) determines their subordination. It agrees in number with the Subject. Subject:PAGE. MERGEFORMAT 1. It is also an obligatory element. It appears in all the finite clauses ofour text determining the number and person, where relevant, of theverb.
As objects, they are obligatory in order to complete the structure ofspecific clauses (with copular verbs). They cannot be removed fromthese clauses. For example:(3)Three days later, Dean Miller was. In contrast to objects they are related to the subject, and not the verb. Shostakovich symphony no 5 score. Complements are normally NPs, AdjPs, or Nominal Clauses (whenthey are realized by NPs, they agree in number with the element theyare related to).
In our examples we find two Cs. The former has theform of an adjective phrase (3), and the later has the form of anominal clause (5). Subject complements normally follows the verb as our examplescorroborate (3), (5). Unlike the object, the complement cannot become the subject of acorresponding passive clause. The complements identifies or characterizes the referent of the clauseelement to which it is related:(3)Three days later, Dean Miller was dead. Adverbial complements. As complements, they are obligatory with certain verbs.
They cannotomitted.(2) He was. They can be adverb phrases, prepositional phrases, or adverbialclauses. In our only case, the AC is realized by a PP.(2) He was in Denmark.
Like adverbials, they express circumstances, normally locative. Adverbials & Adverbial Clauses. They are typically optional. They are mobile.(1) This spring, I received a long distance telephone call from DeanSamuel Miller. F 0E 0 I received a long distance telephone call fromDean Samuel Miller this spring. They are normally adv.
Phrases, prepositional phrases, or adverbialclauses. They can also be noun phrases. For example:(1) This spring, I received a long distance telephone (NP)(4) When I heard the sad news, I began to think about the (ACl)(6) Sam Miller felt strongly that in our modern (Adv. P).
They express circumstances of the situation.ii. Problematic cases:The most complex case in the clauses of the text is the one related to theAdverbial Complement. (2) He was in Denmark.Adverbial complements can be easily confused with subject complementsand with common Adverbials. However there are some specificcharacteristics of Adverbial Complements that allow us to differentiate them.Adverbial Complements are obligatory elements as subject or objectcomplements since the verb requires them. They also provide informationabout the subject, but the information they give is more similar to theinformation that adverbials normally provides.PAGE.
Apuntes De Filosofia Martinez De
MERGEFORMAT 1. As complements, Adverbial complements are always closer to the predicatorthan the adverbials. Moreover they appear frequently in clauses whichpredicator is realized by the verb “to be”, as our case. This could confuse usSo Adverbial complements behave as complements but they are also similarto adverbials in term of meaning.iii. ProcessesCIRCUNSTAN-CIAL ELEMENTMATERIAL ACTION (1) I received a long distancetelephone call from Dean SamuelMiller.This spring(4) I began to think about the wayhe had influenced meWhen I heard thesad newsespecially duringmy theologicaltraining here atHarvard DivinitySchoolHe emphasized in his class onReligion andLiterature.PROCESSMENTAL PERCEPTION (6) Sam Miller felt that in ourmodern 20th century two of themost profound and importantexperiences of human life arebecoming more and moreinsulated from everydayexistence.stronglyCOGNITIONAFFECTIVITYRELATIONAL ATTRIBUTIVE (3) Dean Miller was dead.
Three days later,(5) One of my most vividmemories was a point which heemphasized in his class onReligion and Literature.Two of the most profound andimportant experiences of humanlife are becoming more and moreinsulated from everydayin our modern 20thcenturyPAGE. MERGEFORMAT 1. Existence.POSSESSIVE (7) This two experiences, birthand death, have the potential foraffecting the character and qualityof the rest of life.CIRCUNSTAN-CIAL(2) He was in Denmark. In Denmark. Processes have been listed the level of sentence and clause.
This means that Ihave considered all the verbs in the text in this table. Processes in order of frequency:1.
Material Action Processes (3 examples)2. Relational attributive Processes (3 examples)3. Mental Perception Processes (1 example)4.
Relational possessive Processes (1 example)5. Relational Circumstantial Processes (1 example)The most frequent processes in the sentences of the text are the material actionand relational attributive processes.
Probable the text is not long enough toconfirm these processes as the most frequent in language. I think it even dependson the subject the text is dealing with. Anyway, it seems to me logical to expecta bigger use of a certain kind of processes than others in the language, since weuse the language as a representation of concepts. And probably there are certainprocesses or situations that are more frequent in the process of communication.iv. Quirk considers all the elements that depend on the predicator that is the direct andindirect object, the subject and object complements, and the subject-related and object-related adverbials as different constituents of the clauses.Our typology considers all these elements as complements. When we talk aboutcomplements we distinguish between different classes (that depend on the verb):. Transitive complements or objects F 0E 0 Direct object (monotransitive verbs)F 0E 0 Indirect object (ditransitive verbs).
Predicative complements F 0E 0 Subject complement (intensive)F 0E 0 Object complement (copular). Non-central types of complements and objects F 0E 0 Measure complementsF 0E 0Prepositional complementsF 0E 0 Adverbial complementsIn my opinion our typology of constituents is more detailed, precise, and exact thanquirk’s one.3.- Sentence analysis.a. Sentence and clause:“Sentence” is not a higher level than clauses, as clauses are than phrases, sincewe can say that clauses consist of phrases that realize syntactic functions.However, sentences don’t consist of clauses since they cannot be analyzed insyntactic functions. So sentences don’t refer to a grammatical unit but rather toa purely formal, orthographic unit.Sentences even in their formal, orthographic sense are not always representedalways by clauses but they can be also represented by phrases or words.“Sentence” is just a solution for the problem of external dependants, as theconjunct in the following sentence, that seems to depend on the clause thatfollows them, but are not structurally integrated within it.b.
Sentence analysisPutting it bluntly, as there was no job at the end of the scheme, I wonder M/PPP/VP Od/NP A/Adv P P/VP Cs/NP A/PP Conjunt/Ing-Cl A/Finite-Cl S/NP P/ VPPAGE. MERGEFORMAT 1.